When Foreign Evidence Needs Sworn Translation in Italy Civil Proceedings
In Italy, foreign-language evidence is not automatically unusable just because it is not filed with a sworn translation. The real issue is when a plain translation becomes risky: when the wording is disputed, the judge needs a cleaner Italian record, or delay would be costly. This guide explains the legal threshold under Articles 122 and 123 c.p.c. and recent Cassation case law, when traduzione asseverata is the safer move, how court logistics and stamp duty work in practice, and what foreign litigants should check before submitting contracts, invoices, chats, powers of attorney, or notarized documents in an Italian civil case.